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CỖN TAY HẠY ĐÌN DÚ – ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪼꪭ꫁ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪤꪴ꪿ (1/3)
ꪋꪸꪉ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪝꪷ꪿ ꪵꪣ꪿ ꪝꪲ꪿ ꪙ꫁ꪮꪉ!
ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪋꪳ꪿ ꪙꪱꪉ ꪚꪮꪀ ꪠ꫁ꪱꪥ, ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪵꪣ꪿ꪙ ꫜ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪬ꫁ꪱ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪝ꪿꪿ꪱꪥ ꪮꪮꪀ ꪣꪱ ꪮꪲꪙꪶꪒꪊꪲꪙ (Indochina)
ꪹꪕꪸꪉ ꪹꪢꪸꪒ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪣꪲ: ꫛ ꪼꪕ – ꫛ ꪩꪱꪫ – ꫛ ꪁ꪿ꪱꪫ ꪣꪸ꪿ꪙ – ꫛ ꪶꪣ꫁ꪉ
/5/ ꪙꪾꪚ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪹꪚꪙ 3 ꪜꪲ 1975 ꪣꪱ
ꪣꪲ ꫜ ꪩ꫁ꪱꪙ ꪹꪊꪸꪒ ꪵꪎꪙ ꫛ ꪗꪲ꪿ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪝ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪎꪸ ꪚ꫁ꪱꪙ ꪘꪲ꫁ ꪎꪸ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪮꪲꪙꪶꪒꪊꪲꪙ
ꪀꪺꪉ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪣꪲ ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪤ꪿ꪱꪫ 8.000 ꫛ, ꪭꪳ ꪕꪷ꪿ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪎꪴꪙ ꪝ꪿ꪺꪙ 4% ꪕꪷ꪿ ꪙ꫁ꪽ
ꪹꪏꪉ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪣꪲ ꪨꪱꪥ ꫛ ꪭꪴ꫁ ꪊꪰꪀ ꪀꪾꪚ ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꫛ ꪕ꪿ꪺ ꪼꪜ ꪣꪰꪀ ꪈꪾ꪿ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪒꪾ ꪵꪣ꪿ꪙ ꫛ ꪼꪗ ꪵꪩ꪿ꪙ (Thailand) ꪭꪳ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꫛ ꪼꪔ ꪪꪽ
/10/ ꪹꪝ꪿ ꪻꪬ꫁ ꫛ ꪹꪕꪸꪉ ꪀ꪿ꪱ ꪭꪴ꫁ ꪊꪰꪀ ꪀꪾꪚ ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꪚ꪿ꪮꪙ ꪶꪁ꫁ꪙ ꪵꪮꪚ ꪹꪋ꫁ ꪎꪱꪥ ꪼꪕ ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪹꪥꪸꪒ ꪬꪴ꪿ꪙ ꪹꪉꪱ ꪛꪱꪥ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ ꪣꪱ
ꪣꪲ ꪋꪳ꪿ ꪫꪱ꪿: ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪼꪭ꫁ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪤꪴ꪿
ꫛ ꪣꪰꪀ ꪹꪫ꫁ꪱ ꪕ꪿ꪺ ꪀꪽ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪣꪲ ꪚ꪿ꪮꪙ ꪊꪲ꪿ ꪼꪜ
ꪬꪱꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪹꪎꪱ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪼꪜ ꪨꪱꪥ ꫟ ꪚ꪿ꪮꪙ
/15/ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪬꪱ ꪚ꪿ꪮꪙ ꪀꪲꪙ ꪤꪴ꪿ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪣꪲ
ꪹꪏꪉ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪎꪷ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪼꪜ ꪭꪴ꫁ ꪊꪰꪀ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪙ꫁ꪽ
ꪕꪲ꪿ ꪣꪲ ꪋꪳ꪿ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪀ꪿ꪮꪙ ꪮꪳ꪿ꪙ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪎꪷ ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ ꪙꪴ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪋ꪿ꪉ ꪼꪕ
/20/ ꪹꪝ꪿ ꪻꪬ꫁ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪵꪊ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪬꪸꪙ ꪊꪲꪉ ꪹꪏꪉ ꪙꪲ꫁
ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪊꪳ꪿ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ, ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪋꪳ꪿ ꪙꪱꪉ ꪚꪮꪀ ꪠ꫁ꪱꪥ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪨꪷ
ꪮꪷ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪵꪣ꪿ꪙ ꪎꪲ꫁ꪙ ꪼꪕ – ꪹꪎ꫁ ꪀ꫁ꪮꪣ ꪢꪱꪀ ꪵꪜ꪿ꪣ – ꪎꪱꪥ ꪵꪮꪫ ꪵꪄꪫ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪜꪸꪫ
ꪮꪽ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪵꪣ꪿ꪙ ꪜꪸꪫ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪑꪲꪉ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪼꪫ꫁ ꪀ꫁ꪽ ꪹꪢꪥ, ꪀ꫁ꪽ ꪵꪒꪒ
ꪹꪋꪷ ꪮꪮꪀ ꪼꪜ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪉ ꪙꪮꪀ ꪭ꫁ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪼꪜ ꪔꪱꪉ ꪨꪰꪀ
/25/ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪑꪲꪉ ꪎꪱꪫ ꪄꪮꪒ ꪶꪠꪣ ꪼꪫ꫁ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪶꪀ꪿ꪀ ꪶꪀ꫁ ꪶꪨ꫁ꪙ
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪑꪲꪉ ꪣꪲ ꪠꪺ ꪭꪳ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪵꪣ꪿ ꪝꪱ ꪄꪮꪒ ꪶꪠꪣ ꪼꪫ꫁ ꪹꪕꪸꪉ ꪬꪺ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪔꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪀ꫁ꪱ
ꪹꪋ꪿ꪉ ꪙꪴ꪿ꪉ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪋꪱꪥ
ꪮꪽ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪵꪣ꪿ꪙ ꪶꪔ ꪎꪳ ꪼꪕ, ꪣꪲ ꪣꪱ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪹꪋ꫁ꪱ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪨꪱꪥ
ꪼꪅ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪹꪭꪱ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪭꪴ꫁ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪙꪴ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪋ꪿ꪉ ꪕꪳ꪿ ꪹꪩꪸ꫁ꪀ ꪙ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪵꪩ꫁ꪫ
/30/ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪎꪷ ꪝꪱ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪣꪱ ꪭꪴ꫁ ꪊꪰꪀ ꪁꪫꪱꪣ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪣꪱ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪹꪏꪉ ꪙꪲ꫁
ꪹꪣ꪿ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪹꪋ꫁ꪱ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪨꪱꪥ ꪙꪾꪚ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪝꪽ ꫟ ꪜꪲ
ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪔꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪚ꫁ꪱꪙ ꪎꪱꪉ ꪹꪭꪙ ꪤꪴ꪿ ꪀꪲꪙ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꫜ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪻꪔ꫁ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪼꪅ ꪙꪲ꫁
ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪨꪰꪀ ꪵꪨꪣ ꪔꪸ꪿ꪉ ꪏꪱ
ꪹꪎꪱ ꪣꪲ ꪄꪮꪒ ꪜꪱꪀ ꪹꪫ꫁ꪱ, ꪭꪲꪒ ꪅꪮꪉ ꪏꪮꪉ ꪋ꫁ꪽ ꪵꪀ꪿ꪉ ꪎꪳ ꪎꪱꪙ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪅꪮꪉ ꪹꪎꪱ ꪹꪮꪸꪉ
/35/ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪜꪲ 700 ꪹꪎꪱ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪹꪔ꫁ꪱ ꪶꪭꪣ ꪀꪽ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪚ꫁ꪱꪣ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪻꪐ꪿ ꪵꪄꪉ ꪵꪭꪉ ꫜ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ
ꪋꪳ꪿ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪙ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪋ꪿ꪱꪫ
ꫛ ꪩꪱꪫ, ꫛ ꪼꪗ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪘꪮꪉ ꪵꪎ
ꪄꪮꪚ ꪵꪒꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪙ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪋ꪿ꪱꪫ
ꪀꪷ꪿ ꪶꪀ꪿ꪀ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪻꪔ꫁ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪵꪣ꪿ ꪙꪾ꫁ ꪑꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪏꪸ꪿, ꪹꪕ꫁ꪱ ꪭꪮꪒ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪹꪘ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪮꪲꪙꪶꪒꪊꪲꪙ
/40./ ꪣꪲ ꪨꪱꪥ ꫟ ꪹꪕ, ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪙ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪋ꪿ꪱꪫ ꪼꪜ ꪔꪷ꪿ ꪶꪏꪙ ꪕꪾꪚ ꪔꪲ ꪹꪥꪸꪒ ꪹꪎꪷ꪿ꪀ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪗꪲ꪿ ꪹꪒꪸꪒ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ
ꪔꪷ꪿ ꪣꪱ ꪜꪲ 1353 ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪘꪸ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪎꪷ꪿ꪀ ꪎꪸ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪻꪬ꫁ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ
ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪵꪔꪀ ꪏ꪿ꪱꪫ ꪏꪱꪥ ꪝ꪿ꪱꪥ ꪶꪩꪉ ꪣꪱ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪻꪔ꫁, ꪹꪏꪉ:
ꫛ – ꪼꪕ ꪯ꪿ꪱ ꪶꪭ꪿ꪣ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪮꪱ ꪎꪽ ꪀꪺꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪮꪲꪙ ꪒꪸ (India)
ꪎꪮꪉ – ꪼꪕ ꪻꪐ꪿ ꪭꪳ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪼꪕ ꪏ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪏ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪀꪺꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪛꪱ ꪣ꫁ꪱ ((Burma – Myanma)
/45/ ꪎꪱꪣ – ꪼꪕ ꪏꪲ꪿ ꪯ꪿ꪱꪣ ꪭꪳ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꫛ ꪼꪗ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪔꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪻꪢ꪿ ꫛ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪗ ꪵꪩ꪿ꪙ (Thailand)
ꪎꪲ꪿ – ꪼꪕ ꪩꪱꪫ ꪭꪳ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꫛ ꪩꪱꪫ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪔꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪻꪢ꪿ ꫛ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪩꪱꪫ
ꪬ꫁ꪱ – ꪼꪕ ꪒꪾ – ꪼꪕ ꪒ꪿ꪮꪙ – ꪼꪕ ꪵꪒꪉ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪎꪲꪚ ꪎꪮꪉ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪼꪕ ꪀꪺꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪵꪀꪫ
ꪶꪬ꪿ꪀ – ꪼꪕ ꪶꪗ꫁, ꪼꪕ ꪶꪙ꫁ꪉ ꪤꪴ꪿ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪔꪱ ꪹꪫꪸꪙ ꪮꪮꪀ ꪹꪠꪉ ꪹꪘ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪵꪀꪫ
ꪙꪮꪀ ꪙ꫁ꪽ, ꪑꪰꪉ ꪣꪲ ꪨꪱꪥ ꪨꪱꪥ ꪼꪕ ꪔ꪿ꪮꪉ ꪁ꫁ꪱꪉ ꪤꪴ꪿ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪹꪏꪉ:
/50/ ꪼꪕ ꪊꪺꪉ, ꪼꪔ꫁, ꪩꪳ꫁ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪮꪳ꪿ꪙ ꫟
ꪬꪴ꪿ꪙ ꪉꪱꪫ ꪛꪱꪥ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪎꪷ ꪶꪕ ꪣꪱ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪼꪕ ꪎꪸ ꪀ꪿ꪮꪙ
ꪼꪕ ꪒꪾ – ꪼꪕ ꪒ꪿ꪮꪙ – ꪼꪕ ꪵꪒꪉ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪎꪲꪚ ꪎꪮꪉ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪼꪕ, ꪵꪄꪀ ꪉ꪿ꪱꪥ ꫟ ꪫ꪿ꪱ: ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꪙꪾꪚ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꫛ ꪶꪎ꪿ ꪙ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪚꪴꪙ ꪔꪾ꪿ꪣ ꫛ ꪀꪺꪉ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪕꪳ ꪕ꪿ꪱ ꪨꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪨꪱ ꪚ꫁ꪱꪙ ꪹꪏꪉ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪩꪱꪫ, ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪗ
ꪼꪝ꪿ ꪼꪕ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪙꪾꪚ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪤ꪿ꪱꪫ ꫜ ꪩ꫁ꪱꪙ (1.000.000) ꫛ ꪕꪷ꪿ ꪙ꫁ꪽ
/55/ ꪀꪺꪉ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪣꪲ ꪄ꫁ꪮꪥ ꫛ ꫜ
ꪎꪲꪚ ꪎꪮꪉ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪼꪕ, ꪭꪳ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪣꪲ ꪎꪱꪣ ꪔꪲ꫁ꪉ, ꪁꪫꪱꪣ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ: ꪔꪲ꫁ꪉ ꪨꪱꪥ ꪹꪊꪱ, ꪹꪎꪷꪙ ꪨꪱ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪈꪸ꪿ ꪶꪩ꫁, ꪼꪅ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ ꪣꪱ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪔꪲ꫁ꪉ ꪬꪫꪱꪉ ꪨꪸꪙ ꪹꪎꪷꪙ.
ꪕꪱꪉ ꪹꪘ ꪔꪲꪒ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ, ꪕꪱꪉ ꪔꪱ ꪹꪫꪸꪙ ꪶꪔ꪿ꪀ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪻꪔ꫁ ꪔꪷ꪿ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪩꪱꪫ, ꪕꪱꪉ ꪔꪱ ꪹꪫꪸꪙ ꪮꪮꪀ ꪔꪲꪒ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪵꪀꪫ
ꪘ꫁ꪱ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪹꪕꪸꪉ ꪹꪢꪸꪒ ꪣꪲ 17.580 ꪣꪱꪥ ꪹꪣꪷꪙ ꪶꪣꪙ ꪹꪡꪷꪉ
/60/ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪹꪋ꫁ꪱ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪨꪱꪥ ꪣꪱ – ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪕꪳ ꪕ꪿ꪱ ꪵꪔ꪿ꪉ ꪨꪱ
ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪙꪾ꫁ ꪣꪲ ꪹꪢꪉ, ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪣꪲ ꪕ꫁ꪱꪫ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪚ꫁ꪱꪙ ꪻꪎ꫁ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪊꪾ
ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪥ꫁ꪮꪙ ꪫ꪿ꪱ, ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪙ꫁ꪮꪥ
ꪵꪩ꫁ꪫ ꪑꪰꪉ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪩ꪿ꪮꪉ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪎꪱꪣ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪻꪐ꪿ ꪹꪏꪉ ꪵꪀꪫ, ꪩꪱꪫ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ
/65/ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪣꪲ ꪹꪎꪷ꪿ꪀ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪹꪘ ꪹꪎ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪻꪔ꫁ ꪥꪴ꪿ ꪹꪩꪷꪉ ꫟
ꪬꪱꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪅꪥ ꪖꪳꪀ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪻꪒ ꪻꪢ꪿, ꪀꪳꪙ ꪀꪲꪙ ꪩꪳꪚ ꪩꪱꪥ ꪎꪸ ꪎꪰꪉ ꪎꪰꪀ ꪹꪕ꪿
ꪹꪣ꪿ ꪭ꫁ꪮꪥ ꪜꪲ ꪠ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪣꪱ ꪙꪲ꫁ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪣꪱ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪨꪱꪥ ꪬꪺ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪮꪱ ꪏꪲ꪿ (Asia) ꪻꪬ꫁ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪬꪺ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪹꪄ꫁ꪱ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪹꪎꪱ
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪁ꪿ꪱꪫ ꪣꪸ꪿ꪙ ꪜꪲ 1863
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪻꪔ꫁ ꪹꪣ꪿ ꪜꪲ 1867 ꪵꪩ꫁ꪫ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪋꪳ꪿ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪶꪁ꪿ ꪵꪋ꪿ꪉ ꪊꪲꪙ (Nam Kỳ)
/70/ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪹꪘ ꪵꪩ꫁ꪫ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪶꪕ꪿ꪉ ꪵꪁ꪿ꪉ (Bắc Kỳ), ꪀꪾꪚ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪀꪱꪉ ꪵꪩ꫁ꪫ ꪵꪄꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪮꪱꪙ ꪘꪱꪣ (Trung Kỳ) ꪹꪣ꪿ ꪜꪲ 1884
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪩꪱꪫ ꪹꪣ꪿ ꪜꪲ 1893
ꪙꪮꪀ ꪙ꫁ꪽ, ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪎꪲꪚ ꪎꪮꪉ ꪹꪊꪱ ꪼꪕ ꪹꪣ꪿ ꪜꪲ 1889
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪣꪱ ꪀꪲꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪝꪸꪉ ꪕꪷ꪿ ꪙ꫁ꪽ
ꪹꪎꪱ ꪑꪰꪉ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪼꪜ ꪹꪄ꫁ꪱ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪶꪕ꪿ꪉ ꪵꪁ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪎꪸ ꪻꪢ꪿
/75/ ꪣꪽ ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪜꪱꪉ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪔꪲꪚ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪹꪨ ꪀ꪿ꪱꪫ ꪻꪬ꫁ ꫛ ꪼꪕ
ꪔꪷ꪿ ꪵꪔ꪿ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪣꪱ ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪣꪲ ꪏꪳ꪿ ꪎꪸꪉ ꪔꪸ꪿ꪉ ꪏ꪿ꪱ ꪻꪬ꫁ ꪡꪽ ꫛ ꪮꪳ꪿ꪙ ꪭꪴ꫁ ꪼꪒ꫁
ꪹꪝ꪿ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꫛ ꪼꪕ ꪖꪳ꪿ ꪙꪾꪚ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꫛ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪎꪸ ꪵꪩ꫁ꪫ
ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪹꪯ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪆꪷꪎꪒ ꪝ꪿ꪱꪫꪲ꪿ (Auguste Pavie) – ꫛ ꪼꪔ, ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪕꪲ꪿ ꪣꪱ ꪹꪮꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪵꪀ꪿ꪉ ꪬꪺ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪮꪳ꪿ꪙ ꫟ ꪘꪰ꫁ꪉ ꪮꪲꪙꪶꪒꪊꪲꪙ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ ꪎꪴ꪿ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪔ
ꪕ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪵꪩꪫ ꪪꪽ ꪋꪲ꫁ (Đèo Văn Trị) ꫛ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪩ꪿, ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪕꪲ꪿ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪮ꪿ꪮꪙ ꪑꪷ ꪶꪑ꫁ꪀ ꪑꪷ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪼꪕ ꪻꪬ꫁ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ
/80/ ꪀꪺꪉ 60 ꪜꪲ ꪕꪲ꪿ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ ꪀꪾꪚ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪔ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪵꪀꪫ ꪙ꫁ꪽ, ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪭꪴ꪿ꪉ ꪹꪭꪉ ꪔꪸ꪿ꪉ ꪏ꪿ꪱ ꪎꪰꪉ
ꪬꪱꪀ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪑꪰꪉ ꪒꪲ ꪕꪲ꪿ ꪹꪚ꪿ꪱ ꪣꪲ ꪹꪎꪷ꪿ꪀ ꪕꪱꪉ ꪹꪘ ꪹꪎ ꪻꪔ꫁
ꪹꪕ꫁ꪱ ꪭꪮꪒ ꪜꪲ 1945 ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪣꪲ ꪹꪎꪷ꪿ꪀ ꪻꪐ꪿ ꪕ꪿ꪺ ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪹꪕ꪿ ꪖꪳ꪿ ꪎꪮꪉ
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪒꪳ꪿ꪀ ꪼꪒ꫁ ꪹꪄ꫁ꪱ ꪕꪾꪚ ꪹꪯꪷ꪿ ꪶꪦꪚ (Europe)
ꪹꪡꪷꪙ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪹꪑꪷꪒ ꪹꪄ꫁ꪱ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪮꪱ ꪏꪲ꪿
ꪀꪺꪉ ꪙ꫁ꪽ ꪹꪣꪉ ꫛ ꪁꪷ꫁ ꪵꪣ꪿ꪙ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ
ꪥ꫁ꪮꪙ ꪫ꪿ꪱ ꪹꪣꪉ ꪼꪕ ꪹꪜꪸꪙ ꪕ꪿ꪱꪉ ꪩ꪿ꪮꪉ ꪄꪮꪉ ꪎꪱꪣ ꪬꪺ ꪹꪣꪉ
ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪹꪑꪷꪒ ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ ꪣꪱ ꪎꪾꪚ ꪠꪴ꫁ ꪼꪕ ꪄꪳ꫁ꪙ ꪹꪣ ꪒꪲꪙ ꪬ꪿ꪱꪙ ꪹꪚꪙ 3 ꪜꪲ 1945
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